Poliovirus detected in New York City wastewater last week put public health officials on high alert, as it indicates the potentially paralyzing virus is circulating widely in the area.
But infectious disease experts say there’s no need for families of fully vaccinated children to panic.
“The inactivated polio vaccine is part of the standard childhood immunization schedule, so for most families, it really shouldn’t be a concern,” says Dr. Gail Shust, a pediatric infectious diseases specialist at NYU Langone Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital in New York City. “It happens to be an extremely effective vaccine.”
At this point, there’s also no need to seek out a polio booster for a fully vaccinated child or adult, she adds.
“For kids who’ve gone through the normal vaccination schedule in the United States, there is zero reason for them to get a booster,” Shust says.
Instead, concern should be focused on communities with clusters of unvaccinated children and adults, because those are the people at risk for polio, experts say.
A young man in Rockland County, N.Y. — about 45 minutes northwest of the Bronx — was diagnosed in late July with the first case of paralytic polio identified in the United States in nearly a decade.
Subsequently, poliovirus was detected in the sewage of both Rockland County and neighboring Orange County, indicating community transmission of the virus.
Polio can lead to permanent paralysis of the arms and legs. It also can be fatal if paralysis occurs in muscles used to breathe or swallow.
About 1 in 25 people infected with poliovirus will get viral meningitis, and about 1 in 200 become paralyzed.
“A lot of people who get infected with poliovirus, they’re asymptomatic,” Shust notes. “It’s entirely possible there are other cases that haven’t been diagnosed and there are more people infected than we’re aware of.”
Children should receive at least three doses of polio vaccine by 18 months of age, with a fourth dose delivered between ages 4 and 6, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
New York state health officials say they are particularly concerned by neighborhoods where fewer than 70% of children between 6 months and 5 years of age have received at least three doses of polio vaccine.
About 86% of New York City kids have gotten all three doses, but in Rockland County the rate is just over 60%, and in Orange County the rate is just under 59%, state health officials say.
Statewide, nearly 79% of children have received three doses by their second birthday, officials add.
Poliovirus also has been identified in London’s wastewater, and health officials in the United Kingdom have decided to offer polio vaccine boosters to children.
“They’re starting to do that in London. We haven’t said that that’s necessary,” says Dr. William Schaffner, medical director of the Bethesda, Md.-based National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.
“The only time we’ve given boosters in the past is when someone who was vaccinated as a child then decided to travel to some developing country where there was a lot of polio, and we said, OK, to be on the safe side, to be prudent, we’ll give you a booster before you go,” Schaffner shares. “It wasn’t really thought to be necessary, but it was a prudent, extra, easy, safe thing to do.”
Poliovirus lives in the intestinal tract and can be transmitted through stool, so wastewater surveillance is a logical way to track it, says Vincent Racaniello, a professor of microbiology and immunology at Columbia University in New York City.
“These viruses have probably been in the sewage for years,” he shares. “We’ve just never looked for them, and now we started to look because of this case. And I would say the more we look, we’re going to find it all over the U.S., especially in major cities.”
These strains of poliovirus likely entered the United States from people in other countries who have had the oral polio vaccine, Racaniello and Schaffner said.
The oral vaccine was the first developed and the easiest to administer, so it is still used as part of the World Health Organization‘s polio eradication efforts around the globe, according to experts. But, Racaniello says, it’s an infectious vaccine, meaning it contains a weakened version of the virus itself.
“It reproduces in your intestines, and you shed it — that’s the virus in the sewage,” he notes. “That virus gets around very easily, and it can cause polio even though it’s a vaccine virus. After it passes through the human gut, it can reacquire the ability to cause polio.”
The United States stopped using the oral vaccine in 2000, after the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force decided that the risk of even a few incidental cases of polio was too great, Schaffner shares.
“Each year we had about 4 million births and we had somewhere between six and 10 cases of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis,” he says. “We were giving a very small number of children and adults paralysis by using the oral vaccine.”
The U.S. now exclusively uses a four-dose inactivated polio vaccine.
“The virus is killed. There’s no possibility it can multiply. It cannot mutate. It cannot cause paralysis,” Schaffner shares. “But as an inactivated viral vaccine, it has to be given by needle and syringe, which is more cumbersome and considerably more expensive and, of course, added to the number of inoculations little children were getting, which didn’t make moms too happy.”
Schaffner says it’s “notable” that vaccine-related poliovirus is circulating in the United States.
“We wouldn’t have expected it to be widely disseminated, so we’re just finding there’s even more intercontinental transmission of these oral polio vaccine viruses than we thought,” Schaffner notes.
“If you had asked me before this case, I would have said that unless somebody has just gone abroad or had a visitor from abroad, you wouldn’t find it here because we’re not using [the oral vaccine] in the United States,” Schaffner adds. “But we may be a smaller global community even than I thought.”
The only true protection is vaccination, and Racaniello hopes that wastewater surveillance data will help persuade the vaccine-hesitant to go ahead and get their jabs.
“Maybe they thought there was no poliovirus in the U.S., right? And so they say I don’t need to get vaccinated,” Racaniello says. “And so now we can show them that there is. In fact, I think we should do more surveillance of wastewater and show people, look, it’s in every major metropolitan city. You better get vaccinated.”
Healthcare officials recommend four polio shots in childhood:
If you’ve never been vaccinated for polio and it’s recommended you get vaccinated as an adult, you’ll get three shots:
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