Use of a high-tech radiation cancer treatment called proton beam therapy (PBT) has increased overall in the United States, but Black patients are getting it less often than white patients, two new studies show.
Traditional radiation treatment is photon-based, but PBT uses protons to deliver high-energy beams more precisely to tumors and reduce damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
PBT can be better than traditional radiation therapy for tumors with complex anatomy, tumors surrounded by sensitive tissues and childhood cancers, but PBT can be twice as expensive, according to the American Cancer Society.
To treat a patient, doctors and physicists work together to focus the proton beam on the exact size and shape of the tumor, according to John Hopkins Medicine.
To assess the use of PBT in the United States, researchers analyzed data on nearly 6 million patients in the National Cancer Database. They found that the overall use of PBT for newly diagnosed cancers rose from 0.4% in 2004 to 1.2% in 2018.
Private coverage was the most common type of insurance among patients treated with PBT for recommended cancers, while Medicare was the most common insurance among patients treated with PBT for cancers for which the treatment’s efficacy is still under investigation.
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The study also found that Black patients were less likely to be treated with PBT than white patients (0.3% vs. 0.5%), especially for cancers for which PBT is recommended over traditional radiation therapy.
In fact, this racial disparity widened as the number of facilities offering PBT increased, and the disparity did not disappear after the researchers accounted for socioeconomic status or type of health insurance.
“We found that PBT use increased nationally between 2004 and 2018 for all eligible cancers, especially for cancers for which PBT is the
recommended radiation treatment,” says Leticia Nogueira, lead author of both studies. She is a senior principal scientist, health services research, at the American Cancer Society.
“Especially concerning, however, was our findings also showed racial disparities increased as availability of PBT increased in the U.S.,” Nogueira said in a society news release.
“Our findings, unfortunately, highlight the fact that Black patients continue to benefit less from advances in medicine like PBT, even with increased availability of recommended treatment modalities,” Nogueira adds. “Efforts other than increasing the number of facilities that provide PBT will be needed to eliminate these disparities.”
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Although regular and proton radiation therapy both damage the DNA of cancer cells, proton therapy has some slight advantages. Proton therapy is more energy-focused on the tumor and has less radiation, which can affect healthy tissue nearby.
Having less healthy tissue affected as a result of radiation can lead to milder side effects.
Whatsmore, damage to delicate structures such as the brain, heart, oral cavity, esophagus and spinal cord might be reduced, John Hopkins Medicine notes.
Proton therapy isn’t considered appropriate for every type of cancer. It is typically used for cancers in sensitive areas, where surrounding healthy cells have the potential to be damaged from treatment.
Discuss whether this is a suitable option for you with your doctor. Because proton therapy can be expensive, it is also important to check with your insurance provider about coverage. Some proton therapy centers have financial counselors to consult.
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